初中英語語法重難點歸納與單選題測評
英語語法的學習一直是我們的重點內(nèi)容，下面是小編給大家?guī)淼某踔杏⒄Z語法歸納，希望能夠幫助到大家!
一、初中英語語法歸納
本文歸納了詞法、八種基本時態(tài)以及三大基本從句，是歷年中考英語必考語法點。
(一)詞 法
1. 名詞
(1)名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)
可數(shù)名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數(shù)來計量，它有單數(shù)與復數(shù)兩種形式。不可數(shù)名詞指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來計量。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目，來統(tǒng)計，都成為不可數(shù)名詞。
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數(shù)量，沒有復數(shù)形式。要表示“一個……”這一概念，就須加a piece of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數(shù)名詞，在英語里卻不可數(shù)。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
(2)名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f，fe結尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es
(3)名詞的所有格
A. 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’s，復數(shù)名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’s。
如：the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個人共有一樣東西，只需在最后一個人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個名字后’ s。
如：This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.
These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構成的復數(shù)形式的名詞，只加’。
如：the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外：名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系。)
2. 代詞
人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞
(1)人稱代詞
第一人稱單數(shù)
I me my mine myself
復數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱
單數(shù) you you your yours yourself
復數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱
單數(shù) he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
復數(shù) they them their theirs themselves
(2)物主代詞
物主代詞的用法：形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個名詞;
名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。
(3)反身代詞
反身代詞的構成分兩種：第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法：一種是作賓語，由主語發(fā)出的動作又回到動作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party. 另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強語氣。如：I can do it myself.
(4)指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法：
(1)為了避免重復，可用that，those代替前面提到過的名詞，但是this，these不可以。
(2)this，that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
(5)不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
3. 冠詞
(1)不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.
(2)定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。
(3)定冠詞的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復數(shù)形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。
(4)名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節(jié)日、月份、季節(jié)) 、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節(jié)日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復數(shù)名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時，不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學;go to the school去那所學校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那個醫(yī)院里
4. 數(shù)詞
(1)數(shù)字的表示
三位數(shù)數(shù)詞要在百位和十位(若無十位則和個位)之間加and。
1，000以上的數(shù)字，從后向前第三位數(shù)加一個“，”，第一個“，”前為thousand，第二個“，”前為million，第三個“，”前為billion。
(2)序數(shù)詞除了first，second，third外，其余都在基數(shù)詞尾加-th構成。
(3)分數(shù)分子在前，分母在后，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，當分子大于1小時，分母序數(shù)詞要變成復數(shù)。
(4)hundreds(thousands，millions)of……
5. 形容詞、副詞
(1)形容詞的位置
A. 形容詞作定語一般要放在名詞前面，但當形容詞修飾不定代詞something，nothing，anything時要放在所修飾的不定代詞之后。如：something important，nothing serious。
B. 當形容詞帶有表示度量的詞或詞組作定語或表語時，定語或表語要后置。如：
We have dug a hole two meters deep.
The hole is about two metres deep.
(2)形容詞的比較等級
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，在詞尾加—(e)r，—(e)st來構成比較級和最高級。其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來構成比較級和最高級。如：
popular———more popular———most popular
important—more important—most important
(3)副詞的比較等級
單音節(jié)副詞和個別雙音節(jié)副詞通過加-er，-est來構成比較級和最高級。絕大多數(shù)副詞借助more，most來構成比較級和最高級。
(4)少數(shù)形容詞和副詞比較級/最高級的不規(guī)則變化：
原級 比較級 最高級
well —— better —— best
badly —— worse —— worst
much —— more —— most
little —— less —— least
far —— farther —— farthest
farthest furthest
late —— later —— latest
(5)副詞的最高級前面可以不加定冠詞the。
6. 介詞
(1)表示時間的介詞及介詞短語
in, at, on, before，after，till，since，for, fromto, until， by，in the middle of，at the beginning of， at the end of，at half past five，at night，in a week，in the morning，in class，at sunrise， in spring/summer/autumn/winter，on Sunday，on Saturday afternoon，on a winter evening，for a long time，for two months，after school，since liberation，before lunch，at the time of，at the age of
(2)表示地點的介詞及介詞短語
in，at，into，to，on，beside，before，behind，above，under，outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across， off， down， among， past，between，out of，around，in the front of， in the middle of， at the back of，at the foot of，at home，at the gate，at the table，in the sky， on the ground，in a tree， in the south，in the sun，in the bed，on one’s way home，by the side of
二. 八種基本時態(tài)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時
概念: 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。
常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表時間的狀語連用。
如：1) I go to school every day . 我每天都去學校。(表經(jīng)常)
2) He is always like that . 他總是那樣。 (表狀態(tài))
構成：1) 主語 + be (am / are / is ) +……
2) 主語 + 實義動詞/三單動詞 + …
2.一般過去時
概念: 1) 表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài).
常和表示過去的時間狀語連用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等.
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一場電影.
2) 也可表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作.
如: He always went to work by bike last week.
構成: 1) 主語 + be (was / were ) +……
2) 主語 + 實義動詞過去式 +
3. 現(xiàn)在進行時
概念: 表示現(xiàn)在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發(fā)生的動作.
如: He is singing.
They are watching TV now.
構成: 主語 + 助動詞be(am/are/is) + 動詞-ing形式構成.
4. 過去進行時
概念: 表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作. 這一特定的過去時間除了有上下文暗示外,一般用時間狀語來表示.
如: 1) ---What were you doing?
---I was jumping.
2) ---What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?
---He was sleeping.
構成: 主語 + 助動詞be(was/were) + 動詞-ing形式構成.
5. 一般將來時
概念: 表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等.
如: He will go shopping tomorrow.
They are going to play basketball next week.
構成: 1) 主語 + 助動詞will + 動原 +…
2) 主語 + be going to + 動原 + ….
6. 過去將來時
概念: 表示在過去將來的某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài).
構成: 1) 主語(第一人稱) + 助動詞should + 動原 +…
2) 主語 + would + 動原 + ….
3) 主語 + was/ were going to +動原…
用法: 過去將來時除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在間接引語中,主句謂語動詞為過去時態(tài).
如: 1) I should go.
2) You knew I would come.
3) They were going to Naning.
7. 現(xiàn)在完成時
構成: 主語 + 助動詞 ( have / has ) + 動詞過去分詞 +…
用法 例句
表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果. ---Have you had your lunch yet?
---Yes, I have. (現(xiàn)在我不餓了)
8. 過去完成時
構成: 主語 + 助動詞 had + 動詞過去分詞 +…
用法 例句
表示過去在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作.它表示的動作發(fā)生的時間是”過去的過去”.表示過去某一時間可用by, before 等構成的短語,也可用when, before, 等引導的從句或者通過上下文表示.
I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.
三. 三大基本從句
從句的共同特點
從句是指在一個句子中充當一個成分的句子，充當什么成分就叫什么從句，如：充當賓語就叫賓語從句，充當定語成分就叫定語從句。
從以上定義中我們可以得出關于從句的一個最大特點：從句是句子。
從句的共同特點：1.從句都有自己的連接詞 2.從句都是陳述語序(陳述語序就是主語在前，謂語在后，如：He is a teacher主語 He 在謂語is之前，因此是陳述語序，而Is he a teacher? 主語 He 在謂語is之后，因此不是陳述語序。)
1. 賓語從句
賓語從句是指在一個句子中充當賓語的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
賓語從句的特點：
①賓語從句有自己的連接詞
?、谫e語從句用陳述語序
?、圪e語從句的時態(tài)
(1)賓語從句的連接詞：賓語從句的連接詞包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑問詞。
(2)賓語從句的語序：
A. 賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序(主語在前，謂語在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow
B. 當連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時，后面直接加謂語動詞，如：She asked me who had helped him.
(3)賓語從句的時態(tài)，只要記住以下口訣就可以了“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”
A. 主現(xiàn)則從任：主句如果是一般現(xiàn)在時，則從句根據(jù)時間狀語需要從八種時態(tài)中任選一種，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般現(xiàn)在時)
B. 主過則從過：主句如果是一般過去時，則從句根據(jù)時間狀語需要從四種帶“過”字的時態(tài)中任選一種，帶“過”字的時態(tài)分別是如：一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時，過去完成時。
如：He told me that he liked playing football(一般過去時)
C. 客觀真理一般現(xiàn):客觀真理永遠用一般現(xiàn)在時。
如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.
2. 狀語從句
(1)時間狀語從句：在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子。
時間狀語的連接詞：when(當…時候) while(當…時候) as(當…時候) after(在…以后) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自從…到現(xiàn)在) till /until(直到…
才) by the time(到…為止)依舊是連接詞后加陳述語序。
舉例：when當…的時候(一般情況下主句是將來時的時候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。)
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
(2)原因狀語從句：在一個句子中作原因狀語的句子。
連接詞：由連詞because, since, as引導, 也可由for, now that 等詞引導。
舉例：I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
(3)條件狀語從句：在一個句子中作條件狀語的句子。
連接詞：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(讓步)
舉例：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
(4)目的、結果狀語從句
目的狀語從句是指在一個句子中充當目的狀語的句子。
結果狀語從句是指在一個句子中充當結果狀語的句子
目的狀語從句連接詞so that, so…that , in order that 引導。
結果狀語從句連接詞 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引導。
舉例：so…that 如此…以至于
The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
(5)讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語的句子
連接詞：though, although.，whether…or not
舉例：Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
3.no matter從句
結構："no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問詞+陳述語序" 或"特殊疑問詞+后綴ever+陳述語序"
如：No matter what happened, he would not mind.
注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。
3. 定語從句
定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分。
如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定語)
定語從句是指在一個句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后
如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.
定語從句的連接詞：
連接代詞：who、which、whom、whose、that
連接副詞：when、where、why
初中英語語法重難點100單選案例
1. Where Uncle Sun yesterday?
A. was B. were C. did D. does
2. They going to see Mr. Sun tomorrow.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
3. Some are in the river and some are games.
A. swiming, playing B. swimming, playing
C. swimming, playing D. swimming, playing
4. Where is Dick? He to the reading-room.
A. has been B. went C. has gone D. goes
5. Mark Twain, an American writer, everybody here.
A. knows B. is known as C. is known to D. is known for
6. I hope he will come to see me before he here.
A. leave B. leaves C. will leave D. left
7. My teacher told me that Australians English.
A. spoke B. speak
C. speaks D. are speaking
8. I think she right now.
A. reading B. reads C. is reading D. read
9. ---- Where are the children?
---- They a good time in the garden.
A. are having B. have C. have had D. had
10. ----- Where my glasses? I can't find them.
---- I them on the bookshelf, but they aren't there.
A. you put, put B. you have put, have put
C. have you put, put D. did you put, have put
11. When the police arrived, the man for 10 minutes.
A. died B. was death C. had died D. had been dead
12. By the time this talk is over, we a lot about the earth.
A. will be learning B. are learning
C. world learn D. will have learnt
13. The teachers told me that they me to smooth away the difficulties.
A. helped B. will help C. help D. were going to help
14. ----Have you seen him today?
----Yes, I him this morning.
A. has seen B. see C. will see D. saw
15. He worried when he heard this news.
A. is B. was C. does D. did
16. What's your friend going next week.
A. doing B. do C. does D. to do
17. I don't think that it's true. He's always strange stories.
A. tell B. telling C. told D. tells
18. Have you ever West Hill Farm?
A. gone to B. arrived C. come to D. been to
19. How long he the novel?
A. has, borrowed B. has, kept
C. has, lent D. is, using
20. He to do this lessons at eight every evening.
A. is beginning B. is beginning C. begin D. begins
21. The children a swim this afternoon.
A. are going to has B. is going to have
C. are having D. are going to have
22. There a telephone call for my brother Steven yesterday.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
23. he on well with his friends this term?
A. Does, gets B. Does, get
C. Is, getting D. Is, geting
24. Who away my pen? I can't find it.
A. haven taken B. takes C. has taken D. took
25. Shall we football this Saturday?
A. play B. playing C. plays D. to play
26. The children at school now.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
27. Mr. Smith short stories, but he a TV play these days.
A. is writing, is writing B. is writing, writes
C. writes, is writing D. writes, writes
28. He said he the league for two years.
A. has joined B. has been in C. had been in D. joined
29. She likes watering trees in the garden, she?
A. doesn't B. don't C. isn't D. didn't
30. What you to do to keep the room clean?
A. do, have B. does, have C. did, have D. are, have
31. Some flowers by Kate already.
A. have been watered B. watered C. have watered D. has been watered
32. When winter comes, the leaves fall.
A. are going to B. will C. will be D. would
33. I to the cinema. I there every Sunday.
A. go, go B. am going, go C. go, am going D. am going, am going
34. You about the future now, you?
A. don't think, don't B. aren’t thinking, aren't C. don't think, do D. aren't thinking, are
35. He was afraid that he his way.
A. would lost B. would lose C. is going to D. shall lose
36. We each other since he left here.
A. didn't see B. hadn't seen C. haven't seen D. had seen
37. Mr. Smith out for a walk in the park every day.
A. is going B. goes C. went D. go
38. He from home for a long time.
A. has gone away B. had gone away
C. has left D. has been away
39. You mustn't go too high, or you dangerous.
A. will be B. are C. would be D. is going to
40. We have known each other .
A. since we were young B. after we were young
C. when we are young D. if we are young
41. She promised she do better work.
A. would B. will C. shall D. is going to
42. How long has this shop ?
A. be open B. been open
C. opened D. been opened
43. Mr. Smith here since he moved to his city.
A. had lived B. have live
C. have lived D. has lived
44. ----Have you read the newspaper?
----No, I haven't .
A. too B. yet C. just D. already
45. Our knowledge of the universe all the time.
A. grow B. is growing
C. grows D. grew
46. She won't go to the cinema if she the work tomorrow.
A. doesn't finish B. won't finish C. will finish D. finish
47. My grandma for half a year.
A. has been dead B. was dead C. has died D. died
48. She to the Great Wall several times.
A. goes B. has gone C. went D. has been
49. The earth round the sun.
A. move B. moves C. moved D. will move
50. Liu Fengwei three yuan for the lost library book.
A. paid B. spent C. cost D. took
【參考答案】
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C
11.D 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.B 18.D 19.B 20.D
21.D 22.C 23.C 24.C 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.C 29.A 30.A
31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.B 36.C 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.A
41.A 42.B 43.D 44.B 45.B 46.A 47.A 48.D 49.B 50.A