高三英語基本基礎知識點概括
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高三英語基本基礎知識點概括1
1、 at
如: 常用詞組有: at noon, at night
表示時間的 at, in, on:表示片刻的時間,at 8 o’clock,at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。
in 表示一段的時間
如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等。
on 總是跟日子有關,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning 等。
2、表示時間的 since 和 from:since 表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間的過程,常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用:from 表示從時間的某一點開始,不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關系。一般多與現(xiàn)在時、過去時、將來時連用。
如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示時間的 in 和 after:兩者都表示“在(某個時間)之后,區(qū)別在于in表示“在(一段時間)之后” ,而 after 則表示“在(某一具體時間點之后),in 短語和將來時態(tài)連用,after 短語和過去時態(tài)或將來時態(tài)連用。
如:We’ll be back in three days.
After seven the rain began to fall.
What shall we do after graduation?
After two months he returned. 注意:after 有時也可以表示在一段時間之后(常用在過去時里)
4、表示地理位置的 in, on, to:in 表示在某范圍內,on 指與什么毗鄰,to 指在某環(huán)境范圍之外
如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is tothe east of China.
5、表示“在……上”的 on 和 in:on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用 in 表示占去某物一部分,表示……上
如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.
6、表示“穿過……”的 through 和 across:through 表示從內部通過,與 in 有關;across 表示“穿過……”,表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過,與 on 有關。
如:Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.
7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corn 表示在落,in 指角的內面;on the corner 表示“在角上” ,on 指的不是內面,也不是外面,而含內外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角處” 指的是拐角外附近的外面。
如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met at with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.
8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end 作“最后”“終于”解,可單獨使用,后不接介詞 of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”“到……盡頭” ,既可指時間,也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨使用;by the end of 作“在……結束時”“到……末為止”解,只能指時間,不可單獨使用。
如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the
end of last month he had finished the novel
9、表示“關于”的 about 和 on:兩者都有“關于”的意思,不過前者為一般用詞,而后者表示“關于” ,為較正式的 “論述”
如:He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science
10、between, among:一般說來,between 表示兩者之間,among用于三者或三者以上的中間。
如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西,如果強調的是兩兩相互間接關系,適用于between。
如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在談到一些事物或一組事物,
而把它們視為分居兩邊時用 between。
如:The little valley lies between high mountains.
在談事物 間的差別時,總是用 between。
如:They don’t know the difference between wheat, coats and barley.
11、besides, except, but, except for:
besides 指除了……還有
如:All went out besides me
except 指“除了,減去什么” ,不能放在句首。
如:All went out except me.
but 與 except 意思近似,表示“除了……外”經(jīng)常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑 問詞后面。
如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;
except for 表示“如無……就, 只是”表明理由細節(jié)。
如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
12、表示“用”的 in 和 with:表示工具的“用” 、表示“ ,用 with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語言、聲音等的 “用” 用 in。
如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil
We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.
13、charge of 和 in the charge of:in 兩者都表示 “由誰負責、照顧、管理” 區(qū)別在于: charge of 后接被照管的人或物, in the charge of 后面則跟照管的人。
如:Who is in charge of the project
The project is in the charge of an engineer
14、as, like:as 作“作為”“以……地位或身份”解。
如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事實是父親)
like 作“象……一樣”解
如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事實上不是父親)
15、in front of 和 in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物內)
in the front of 則是“在……前部”的意思(在某物內)
如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.
16、in, into:into 表示動向,不表示目的地或位置。
如:We walked into the park.;in 通常表示位置。
We walked in the park;
in 和 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等終止性動詞連用時,也可以表示動向。
如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬幣放進衣袋。
高三英語基本基礎知識點概括2
一、就近一致原則
1.由or,not only...but also...,neither...nor...,either...or...,whether...or...,not...but...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時,通常根據(jù)就近一致原則,謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。
Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
2.here/there引導一個句子而主語又不止一個時,通常根據(jù)就近原則,謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。
Here is a ruler,a few pencils and two copybooks.
二、意義一致原則
1.謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)的情況
(1)表示學科的名詞以及works(工廠),news(消息)等作主語時,雖然本身為復數(shù)形式,但表示單數(shù)意義時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。
Politics is his favorite subject.
(2)表示某些組織機構的名詞、書/報名、國名、地名等作主語時,雖然形式上是復數(shù),但所表示的意義是單數(shù),所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Do you know when the United Nations was set up?
2.謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)的情況
表示總稱意義的名詞,如people,police,public,cattle等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
The police are searching for the murderer.
3.謂語動詞的形式依據(jù)主語表示的意義而定
(1)集體名詞,如family,class,group,team,club,company,government,population等作主語時,謂語動詞的形式根據(jù)其在語境中表示的意義而定。當其表示集體意義,強調整體概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);當其表示集體中各個組成部分,強調個體概念時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
As far as I know,his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.
(2)“the+形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
The poor were looked down upon in the old days.
三、語法一致原則
1.由and連接的兩個名詞作主語
(1)“a/the+名詞單數(shù)+and+名詞單數(shù)”表示一個人(雙重身份),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.
(2)“a/the+名詞單數(shù)+and+a/the+名詞單數(shù)”表示兩個人,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
The teacher and the poet have just arrived.
(3)“every+名詞單數(shù)+and+every+名詞單數(shù)”表示每一個人,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.
(4)通常由兩個部件組成的物品如:a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Bread and butter is not to his taste.
2.表示時間、數(shù)量、長度及價格的名詞,盡管有時是復數(shù)形式但常被看作是一個整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
Is fifty pounds enough?
3.“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of+名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞的形式根據(jù)of后的名詞的形式來定,如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式;如果名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
Two-thirds of the books are about science.
Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.
高三英語基本基礎知識點概括3
分詞的概念
分詞是動詞的一種非謂語形式,主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,可以作定語、表語或是狀語等。分詞有兩種,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞,一種是過去分詞。這兩種分詞在句子中能擔任的成分大體相同,主要是在“意思”上有主動和被動之分。過去分詞一般有被動和完成兩大特征。
過去分詞的定語和表語功能定語表“完成”或“被動”
boiled water開水 fallen leaves落葉
the risen sun升起的太陽 selected apples 精選蘋果
spoken English英語口語 iced beer冰鎮(zhèn)啤酒
cooked food熟食 fried chips炸土豆條
單個的過去分詞作定語時,一般放在被修飾詞語之前(如上例),也可以放在所修飾詞語的后面。 Hurry up,there is only a little time left.快點,時間不多了。
If you wish everything changed,please say so.
你如果希望改變一切,請說明。
過去分詞短語作定語時,須將分詞放在被修飾的詞語之后,功能相當于一個定語從句。 Near the window,there is a bookshelf filled
with many books(=which is filled with many books).
靠近窗戶,有一個裝滿書的書架。
Her daughter,brought up by me(=who was brought
up by me)has begun to work now.
由我?guī)Т蟮乃呐畠含F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)參加工作了。 當“人”作主語時用過去分詞作表語,表示主語的狀態(tài)或思想感情等。 When we heard of it,we were deeply moved.
當我們聽到這件事時,被深深地感動了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea.
聽到這個想法,他似乎很高興。
過去分詞作表語不要與被動語態(tài)混為一體。分詞作表語表示主語的狀態(tài),而被動語態(tài)則表示被動的動作。 My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài))
My glasses were broken by my son.
我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。(動作)
On the earth,70% of the surface is covered with water.地球表面70%是被水覆蓋的。(狀態(tài))
I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door.
敲門聲使我大為吃驚。(動作)