托福獨(dú)立寫作——“舉例論證”套路深
掌握到一些實(shí)用的托福寫作技巧，會讓你事半功倍，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈＊?dú)立寫作 —— “舉例論證”套路深，來學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)這個套路吧！
托福獨(dú)立寫作 —— “舉例論證”套路深
"exemplification"是托福獨(dú)立寫作行文論證中的一個要點(diǎn)。
今天，我們以2019年5月4日和2018年9月2日的真題為例給大家一些關(guān)于exemplification的建議(內(nèi)容、篇幅、位置、技巧)。
2018年9月2日 獨(dú)立寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The best way for a teacher to help students get interested in a subject is to explain how this subject will help students live better outside school.
寫作范文
【立場：同意】
【下文的(長)段落是一個舉例論證的經(jīng)典用法】
段落開始是中心句：First, when students are fully aware that what they learn have economic benefits, they are likely to put in time and energy for the sake of money.
然后，用例子去詮釋道理：For instance, a teacher of writing may fail when the teacher tries to interest the students with big reasons like brain development or a display of intellect. As a matter of fact, the teacher could relate the proficiency in writing togood argumentation skills. The teacher could let the students know that when bargaining with employers over salaries, employees need to make a compelling case, and that learning writing is to foster the skills in developing a good line of reasoning. Students may be motivated as a result.
這個例子的篇幅為88 words。例子結(jié)束時，段落的行文就結(jié)束了。
【下文的(短)段落仍然是舉例論證的經(jīng)典用法】
段落開始時說兩句(最多三句)道理：Teachers could also demonstrate other practical uses of a subject, such as dating and socializing. Students may be intrigued since these activities are essential in one’s personal life.
然后，用例子去詮釋道理：One of my peer teachers always tells his students that knowing fun facts of history can impress girls. As the boys in the class hear that, they show great interest in History. Obviously, which of the boys does not want to create a good impression on the girl he likes?
這個例子的篇幅為50 word。例子結(jié)束時，段落的行文就結(jié)束了。
這兩個段落都是把例子放在了最經(jīng)典的位置：講述道理之后。并且，例子的結(jié)束就是段落的結(jié)束。
例子的內(nèi)容都是有細(xì)節(jié)的：兩個例子里都提及了具體 subject以及對應(yīng)的具體benefit。
2019年5月4日 獨(dú)立寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The most important goal of education is to teach people how to educate themselves.
寫作范文
【立場：同意】
段落開始時說一句道理(不是段落中心句，而是道理的開始)：Some knowledge, constantly updated, is not permanent and may expire.
然后立刻用一個例子去詮釋道理(例子沒有出現(xiàn)在道理完全說完的時候，而是立刻詮釋上一句：For example, in the worlds of physics and chemistry, some equations, principles or formulas that used to be gold have been disproven.
這個例子的篇幅為22 word。
繼續(xù)講道理(依托例子)，并且把道理講完：In this constant change, no educational institutions are able to teach all of the knowledge about the world in the given time, and a person needs to possess the ability to learn independently after the time, and the ability needs to be fostered when the person is still in school.
然后，用例子去詮釋道理(但是在例子出現(xiàn)前，有一個短句過渡)：This is important. 例子出現(xiàn)，詮釋道理的主要部分：Take my father as an example, and he can well represent the whole generation whose knowledge learned during their college years may be outdated. Thanks to their ability to educate themselves developed during the college time, they are able to keep pace with the updates of knowledge and are still active in the workplace. They would otherwise be replaced with the younger workforce, whose education teaches the latest knowledge.
這個例子的篇幅為69 word。例子結(jié)束時，段落的行文就結(jié)束了。
這個段落里，有兩個例子，一“大”一“小”。 兩個例子的內(nèi)容是有細(xì)節(jié)的：具體的 subjects，具體的人物。
大例子出現(xiàn)在最經(jīng)典的位置：講述道理完畢，例子出現(xiàn)。并且，例子的結(jié)束就是段落的結(jié)束。值得注意的是：這個段落里的“小”例子是適時的出現(xiàn)在講道理的過程中的，而不是等道理全部講完再有例子?？磥?，舉例論證并不一定是一個論證段落里只能有一個例子，當(dāng)一句話描述一個道理后，都可以立刻用一個例子去詮釋。當(dāng)然，這個段落里，最后又回到了經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)，道理說完時，“大”例子壓軸。
那么，問題來了：是不是主體部分的段落都需要經(jīng)典形式的“大”例子壓軸呢?下一期寫作范文為你揭曉……
托福寫作中的10個小技巧
1：你的時間預(yù)算。
You have only a half hour in which to complete your work, You should use your time more or less as shown below::
Reading and thinking about the topic 2-3 minutes
Planning and taking notes 2-3 minutes
Writing the essay approximately 20 minutes~
Checking the essay 3-5 minutes
2：仔細(xì)閱讀問題。
You must write on the topic exactly as it is given。
3：頭腦風(fēng)暴。
Before you begin to write, spend a minute or two “brainstorming?！?Think about the topic and the best way to approach ti。
4：寫你計(jì)劃的文章。
You don’t have to write out a formal outline with Roman numerals, capital letters, and so on. However, you should make some notes. By following your notes, you can organize your essay before you write, leaving you free to concentrate on the task of writing。
5：確保你的筆跡是盡可能清晰。
Handwriting that is hard to read may unconsciously prejudice the readers who are grading you essay. Be sure your handwriting is not too small or too large。
6：遵循一個明確，邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
All TWE essay should consist of three basic parts:
An introductory paragraph
An body: consists of two or three paragraphs。
A concluding paragraph
7：使用具體的例子，具體原因。
Whenever you make a general statement, you should support it with specific examples。
8：使用信號詞來表示的轉(zhuǎn)換。
Signal words can be used to join paragraph to paragraph and sentence to sentence。
9：使用不同的句子類型。
Good writing in English consists of a more or less equal balance between short, simple sentences consisting of only one clause and longer sentences containing two or more clauses. Therefore, make an effort to use sentences of various lengths。
10：檢查作文錯誤。
Don’t cross out long sections or try to add a lot of new material. Look for obvious errors in punctuation, spelling, and capitalization as well as common grammatical mistakes。
托福寫作開頭如何用兩方觀點(diǎn)描述
托福寫作一個很大的部分就是開頭的好壞，先不論托福綜合寫作模板中的一些寫法，托福寫作范文中有不少對獨(dú)立寫作部分都有一種特殊的開頭寫法。
那么我們都知道，一篇較好的托福作文需要字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到400-450左右，然而我們的規(guī)定時間只有短短的30分鐘，可想而知，托福寫作的字?jǐn)?shù)壓力還是比較大的。所以我們建議，開頭段不應(yīng)該占據(jù)太多時間，我們應(yīng)該多留一些時間給后面主體段的擴(kuò)展，讓文章更加充實(shí)。通常開頭段的要求是字?jǐn)?shù)在70-100詞左右，時間控制在3-5分鐘。不排除有些學(xué)生拿到題目就能文思泉涌的敲出一篇開頭，但是對于大多數(shù)學(xué)生來說，緊張的時間再加上緊張的情緒，在開頭段就會卡殼。那么針對這大多數(shù)的情況，我們有沒有什么解決辦法呢?今天，我們就介紹一種比較好用的適用于開頭的托福綜合寫作模版，這種方法有個專業(yè)的名字叫做“背景爭議法”。
既然名字都叫背景爭議了，那么大家猜猜看，這個方法大致能分為幾個部分呢?首先是背景，何謂背景，也是就一種引入話題的高超技術(shù);其次是爭議，什么叫爭議，也就是你同意我不同意，這個部分就是正反方觀點(diǎn);最后，再回到我們所強(qiáng)調(diào)的開頭的主要任務(wù)，最重要的是表明自己的立場。那么總結(jié)來說，背景爭議法的三要素就是背景、正反方觀點(diǎn)和個人觀點(diǎn)。那么接下來我們用一個題目來看看，這種方法要怎么使用。
Do you agree or disagree: money is the most important aspect in a job?
首先拿到這個題目，我們可以看到要談?wù)摰氖清X對于工作的重要性，那么在開頭段我們要如何引入話題呢?我們可以這樣寫：
In contemporary society, it has become a hot issue that whether money is the most important aspect in a job. People’s opinions about it vary from person to person.
“在現(xiàn)代社會，錢到底是不是工作中最重要的部分，這個話題引起了大家的熱烈討論，大家的觀點(diǎn)各不相同”。很顯然，這是個引入主題的好方法。
接下來是正反方觀點(diǎn)，也就是一些人同意而另一些人不同意的部分了：
A number of supporters of that viewpoint claim that money is very important on account of its necessity to satisfy our daily needs, but other people who are opposite to that view hold that other factors like interest and social liability are also significant aspects in a job.
可以看到，我們在托福寫作范文中介紹各方觀點(diǎn)的時候可以適當(dāng)?shù)募由弦幌履憧梢韵氲降暮唵卫碛蓙韼臀覀兲畛溟_頭。
最后一部分是個人觀點(diǎn)，也就是表達(dá)自己看法的時候，大家對于這個應(yīng)該是非常擅長了，無非就是就我個人來說，我的看法是什么：
As for as I am concerned, I am convinced that money is not always the most important.
我們可以看到，背景爭議法的開頭寫法結(jié)構(gòu)和思路都是非常清晰的。
托福范文：書本知識與實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)
【題目】
It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
【范文】 Book Knowledge vs Experience
Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our analytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we won't repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.
Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not come about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.
【參考譯文】 書本知識與實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)
獲得知識的來源有很多，其中包括書本、老師，以及實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而每一種都有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。從書本上及正規(guī)教育中所獲得的知識使我們知道在日常生活中沒有機(jī)會親身去體驗(yàn)的事。通過讀書，我們可以研究世界各地的資料，還可以向不曾謀面的人學(xué)習(xí)。我們也可以培養(yǎng)分析的技巧，并學(xué)習(xí)如何以不同的方式去觀察并理解周圍的世界。此外，我們可以通過讀書，從歷史中獲取教訓(xùn)。如此一來，就不會再重復(fù)別人的錯誤，并且能夠以他人的成就作為我們行動的基礎(chǔ)。
另一方面，實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚪o我們更多有用的知識。大家都說從做中學(xué)的效果最好，我也認(rèn)為的確如此，無論一個人成功與否。事實(shí)上，我認(rèn)為犯錯是最好的學(xué)習(xí)方式。此外，如果想要有新的進(jìn)展，就必須要付諸行動。想要創(chuàng)新，只靠閱讀是不夠的，必須要去實(shí)踐。最后，我們可以將通過讀書所獲得的技巧和見解應(yīng)用于實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)中，使得原本有意義的經(jīng)驗(yàn)變得更有意義。不過，除非我們能將書本知識運(yùn)用于實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)中，否則書本知識終究仍只是理論，毫無用處。那就是為什么我會認(rèn)為從實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)中獲得的知識比從書本中所得到的知識更為重要。
【注釋】
acquire v.獲得 source n.來源
practical adj.實(shí)際的 gain v.獲得
formal adj.正規(guī)的 study v.研究
achievements n.(pl.)成就 on the other hand另一方面
innovation n.創(chuàng)新 come about產(chǎn)生
theoretical adj.理論的 in the end到最后;終究
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托福獨(dú)立寫作——“舉例論證”套路深
