托福聽(tīng)力材料整理
下面小編給大家整理了一些托福聽(tīng)力材料,考高分離不開(kāi)大量的練習(xí)。預(yù)祝大家取得好成績(jī)。
托福聽(tīng)力素材:30個(gè)美國(guó)校園場(chǎng)景
1.東西丟了:lost the key,can’t found the note
2.剃頭:hardly bald, hairstyle change for not covering the eyes, cut curl hair
3.搭車(chē):pick up the third one at the airline, give me a ride to the office
4.穿衣: a jean and T-shirt for interview is casual, clothes is wet before the concert
5.花需要光: put the flower to the window, the bookcase will prevent the sunlight, need the fresh
6.忘了: slip my mind, forgot to give the note to someone
7.圖書(shū)館: spend the whole day in the library, make the photocopy at library, meet at the library, return the books to the library, library is a better place to study
8.室友: looking for a roommate, roommate should apologize, roommate is too noisy,
9.吃的:fish can’t be eat, berry is a bush even for a bird, bread is over toasted, vegetables are over cooked, bread may be in the refrigerator,
10.借東西: lend me calculus book(calculator), borrow the money from check, borrow car for shopping
11.天氣:clean up for picnic, cold enough for skating, snowing too much to fly, so hot that we need an air conditioner,
12.作業(yè)能否完成:wait till the last minute, chemistry test without time for reading, fill out the financial aid form without the priority, paper extended to the next week
13.第三者: have done it for me
14.排隊(duì): magazine to kill the time, read the magazine twice, go early for not queue
15.得病看醫(yī)生: need another doctor, it is open till 10 at the health center, take the pill the doctor assigned,
16.沒(méi)空幫忙: can’t give you a ride due to the meeting tomorrow morning,
17.鍛煉減肥: lost weight, two blue clothes but one with the large size
18.電影或音樂(lè)會(huì): see the concert twice make sense again, sell ticket to you so that you come with me, lectured by some professor is worth watching,
19.還書(shū): return so as not to pay fine, help me return the books,
20.重新考慮以前的決定: reconsider your decision,
21.轉(zhuǎn)讓: movie ticket
22.加入社團(tuán): garden club, find another committee member to replace,
23.認(rèn)不出來(lái): beard, bother is different,
24.住房: find an apartment under 500 dollars, find a larger apartment, live nearer to the campus
25.放松: join a entertainment club for leisure, spend more time outdoors,
26.約會(huì): (appointment), reschedule one of the appointment
27.關(guān)門(mén)了(過(guò)期了): museum closed, cafeteria closed,
28.照相: film run out, film not processed, film not good
29.同去: come go with me
30.太吵: too noisy, can’t concentrate
托福聽(tīng)力場(chǎng)景之藝術(shù)場(chǎng)景分析
一、藝術(shù)場(chǎng)景細(xì)分
藝術(shù)類(lèi)場(chǎng)景的細(xì)分就比較復(fù)雜了。首先,藝術(shù)類(lèi)可以簡(jiǎn)單分為:藝術(shù)家及藝術(shù)形式,藝術(shù)史(art history),藝術(shù)理論,藝術(shù)保護(hù)(art conservation)這四個(gè)話題。其中,藝術(shù)形式涉及的內(nèi)容就更多了,按目前TPO里的講座來(lái)看,具體的藝術(shù)形式可以有:電影、歌劇、詩(shī)歌、散文、話劇、建筑、雕塑、繪畫(huà)、音樂(lè)及樂(lè)器、舞蹈等。這個(gè)話題主要是說(shuō)藝術(shù)家及其風(fēng)格特色;藝術(shù)史著重的是與藝術(shù)有關(guān)的人或事情的發(fā)展,歷史價(jià)值;藝術(shù)理論比較抽象,我們可以這么理解,如果藝術(shù)家和藝術(shù)形式是在講具體的畫(huà),畫(huà)中的景,景用的顏色等,那么藝術(shù)理論就是在說(shuō),顏色要怎么調(diào),景色要怎么選…;藝術(shù)保護(hù)類(lèi)的文章,顧名思義,不僅說(shuō)具體的藝術(shù)品,還會(huì)討論如何保護(hù)不會(huì)損壞,如何修復(fù)。
二、藝術(shù)場(chǎng)景難度分析
藝術(shù)場(chǎng)景難度起伏比較大,有的時(shí)候會(huì)比較簡(jiǎn)單,有的時(shí)候也是噩夢(mèng)。
詞匯難度
首先,從場(chǎng)景詞匯的角度去說(shuō),由于具體的場(chǎng)景可以有非常多的細(xì)分,因此,藝術(shù)類(lèi)場(chǎng)景的詞匯非常繁雜。
比如,繪畫(huà)這個(gè)場(chǎng)景中常出現(xiàn)的詞匯有:brush 畫(huà)筆;canvas 帆布、畫(huà)布;sketch 素描、描繪;figure人物;gallery 畫(huà)廊;pigment 顏料……
文學(xué)類(lèi)的文章中常出現(xiàn)的詞匯有:chapter 章節(jié);biography 傳紀(jì);fiction 小說(shuō);character 人物;tale 故事;plot 情節(jié)……
電影類(lèi)的文章中常出現(xiàn)的詞匯有:edit 編輯;sciencefiction 科幻;costume 戲服;Narration 旁白……
簡(jiǎn)單以上面三個(gè)具體話題為例,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的場(chǎng)景里最常出現(xiàn)的詞匯都不太一樣,因?yàn)檫@些具體的藝術(shù)類(lèi)型本身區(qū)別也比較大。詞匯的繁雜也就體現(xiàn)在這里,因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)類(lèi)場(chǎng)景所涉及的具體藝術(shù)形式有很多,且詞匯相互重復(fù)率不高,因此要靈活掌握的單詞數(shù)量也不少。
除了詞匯數(shù)量之外,很多藝術(shù)類(lèi)詞匯還體現(xiàn)了另外一個(gè)特點(diǎn):一詞多義,或者說(shuō)熟詞僻義。
比如說(shuō),TPO 1的第1篇講油畫(huà)的講座中就出現(xiàn)了N次movement這個(gè)詞,“so, you‘ve probably studies both of these movements, separately, separatemovements, realism and impressionism in some of your art history courses…”, ”thisgives her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move andstand still”這兩個(gè)句子當(dāng)中movement明顯不是同一個(gè)意思,后一句中的movement是常見(jiàn)的“移動(dòng)”的意思,但第一個(gè)句子中的movement的意思,就絕對(duì)不是移動(dòng),根據(jù)上下文,應(yīng)該是類(lèi)似style的意思。當(dāng)然,后句中still也是熟詞僻義,表示靜止的意思。朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家在研究和跟蹤考試的過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn),藝術(shù)類(lèi)中的一詞多義最多,比如setting, 常見(jiàn)意思為“設(shè)置”,藝術(shù)里表示“背景”,這還算是一個(gè)藝術(shù)場(chǎng)景中比較普遍的詞匯;pattern, 常見(jiàn)意思為“模式”,還有“花紋”的意思;vibrant, 常見(jiàn)意思為“有生命力的”,藝術(shù)講座中還有“明亮”的意思,比如vibrant color; hero, 在藝術(shù)類(lèi)文章中還可以表示“男主角”。
文章難度
藝術(shù)類(lèi)文章難度浮動(dòng)大也就體現(xiàn)在這一方面。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),講藝術(shù)家及藝術(shù)形式的文章是相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單的,雖然藝術(shù)類(lèi)的大背景很多同學(xué)不算熟悉,但ETS選擇的藝術(shù)家、藝術(shù)品、藝術(shù)風(fēng)格基本都是比較易于接受和理解的,比較生活化的。比如說(shuō),在繪畫(huà)類(lèi)的講座中,有提過(guò)梵高,有提過(guò)莫奈,有提過(guò)很多著名的畫(huà)家,他們的風(fēng)格和作品都是普通人可以理解的,但沒(méi)有提過(guò)畢加索,因?yàn)樗先思业娘L(fēng)格就是沒(méi)有固定的風(fēng)格,他的畫(huà)很多人看著也不理解,聽(tīng)了講解也似懂非懂,他的畫(huà)體現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容還有社會(huì)的扭曲這樣抽象、深層次的內(nèi)容,他的造詣很高,但很多作品不大眾化。一般來(lái)說(shuō),藝術(shù)家及藝術(shù)形式類(lèi)文章不會(huì)找這些如此不大眾化的內(nèi)容,而且,作為語(yǔ)言類(lèi)考試,雖然會(huì)有講具體藝術(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)的內(nèi)容,但一般不會(huì)考到。同樣以TPO 1中的第1篇講座為例,文章中有講述具體的某幅油畫(huà)是怎么畫(huà)的,這樣的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了3次,“It’s anoutdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak(畫(huà)面蕭條), which you can really see those broad brushstrokes(筆觸很寬)and the blurry lines(線條模糊).”和“Impressionist painters tended to apply paintreally thickly(油彩有的厚), and in big brushstrokes(大筆觸), so the texture of the canvas was rough.”以及“the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins,is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes(畫(huà)的背景就是以厚厚寬寬的筆觸畫(huà)上去的一層油彩), and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes(鋸齒狀筆觸)and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look atit close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with littlehints of an electric blue peeking out(點(diǎn)綴著星星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的閃電藍(lán)).” 以上這么多內(nèi)容,說(shuō)法雖專(zhuān)業(yè),但一個(gè)字也沒(méi)有考到!綜上,講藝術(shù)家及藝術(shù)形式的文章對(duì)于詞匯量沒(méi)什么大問(wèn)題的考生來(lái)說(shuō)算是不難的。
藝術(shù)史同樣也是比較容易的,藝術(shù)史當(dāng)中強(qiáng)調(diào)的是歷史,有的時(shí)候會(huì)結(jié)合具體的藝術(shù)家,藝術(shù)風(fēng)格進(jìn)行分析,比如TPO 3的第2篇講座,講電影史的,就有提到兩個(gè)不同的電影制作家,以及各自的風(fēng)格;而有時(shí),藝術(shù)史就單純的在講歷史事件的發(fā)生或者發(fā)展,比如TPO 8的第2篇講座,講藝術(shù)史的,就是在講女子藝術(shù)學(xué)校的發(fā)展,沒(méi)有提到具體的藝術(shù)作品或者藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。只要單詞不是硬傷,這類(lèi)文章也很好理解。
而講藝術(shù)理論和藝術(shù)保護(hù)的文章,可能就沒(méi)前兩種那么簡(jiǎn)單了。雖然沒(méi)有哪篇藝術(shù)類(lèi)文章開(kāi)頭說(shuō)的是“Listen to part of a lecture in an art theoryclass”,但藝術(shù)理論類(lèi)的文章確實(shí)不一樣,其中不牽涉到具體的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格、藝術(shù)作品、藝術(shù)家,就是單純?cè)谥v理論,比如,TPO 27的第4篇講座,就是在講3原色的理論;托福聽(tīng)力機(jī)經(jīng)中也有出現(xiàn)過(guò)考golden ratio黃金分割的理論及其應(yīng)用。這些文章之所以難,原因之一是比較抽象,當(dāng)然,如果本身對(duì)于內(nèi)容背景,比如三原色理論或者黃金分割的概念非常清楚的,那聽(tīng)力理解肯定比較充分。但對(duì)于背景知識(shí)不是很了解的考生,這樣抽象的文章,就會(huì)聽(tīng)得似懂非懂,這就好比去聽(tīng)這樣的一句話“The term cognition refers to mental states likeknowing and believing, and to mental process that we use to arrive at thosestates”, 詞匯都沒(méi)問(wèn)題,翻譯過(guò)來(lái)的意思是:認(rèn)知這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)指的是心理狀態(tài),比如知道,或者相信,同樣也指心理過(guò)程,通過(guò)這些心理過(guò)程會(huì)達(dá)到之前說(shuō)的心理狀態(tài)。且不論英文,中文的意思都比較抽象,不具體,沒(méi)例子,所以理解起來(lái)肯定會(huì)有困難。在ETS發(fā)布的官方指南(OG)中,對(duì)于聽(tīng)力22分以上的考生是認(rèn)定為水平高的考生,而ETS認(rèn)為高水平的考生具備的聽(tīng)力能力當(dāng)中就有這么一條:“understand abstract or complex ideas”,因此意思抽象的文章絕非偶然,是肯定會(huì)有的,是ETS安排好的來(lái)考察考生聽(tīng)力能力高低的一項(xiàng)。
當(dāng)然,除了意思抽象之外,藝術(shù)理論類(lèi)的文章還有一個(gè)難點(diǎn),同樣也是藝術(shù)保護(hù)類(lèi)文章的難點(diǎn):學(xué)科交叉內(nèi)容比較多。在OG中,就有這樣的要求,考生需要“understanddifferent kinds of material on a variety of topics”,這指的就可以是學(xué)科交叉。學(xué)科交叉就是指會(huì)涉及到其他學(xué)科的內(nèi)容,比如TPO 15的第3篇講座,講的是阿基米德重寫(xiě)稿的保存和恢復(fù),其中的保存部分就涉及到了物理的內(nèi)容,ultraviolet light, X-ray等這樣的詞匯和概念;同樣剛剛提過(guò)的TPO 27的第4篇講3原色的講座,也講到了心理學(xué)(psychology, emotions),物理學(xué)(spectrum, wave length)。學(xué)科交叉的難點(diǎn)在于對(duì)于聽(tīng)力細(xì)節(jié)把握的要求比較高,容錯(cuò)率比較低,如果有些內(nèi)容沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂,很有可能就不理解學(xué)科間是如何轉(zhuǎn)換的,不理解藝術(shù)類(lèi)的文章怎么就突然說(shuō)到物理的光譜、波長(zhǎng),這樣一來(lái),對(duì)文章的理解就會(huì)有不到位,畢竟“recognize how pieces of information are connected”也是OG中給出的托福聽(tīng)力高分要點(diǎn)之一。
三、如何應(yīng)對(duì)藝術(shù)類(lèi)場(chǎng)景難點(diǎn)
如果藝術(shù)類(lèi)場(chǎng)景詞匯有所欠缺,最好的方式不是買(mǎi)本單詞書(shū)去背,而是利用“學(xué)科聽(tīng)力法”,即不按TPO 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…這樣的順序去聽(tīng),而是按話題去聽(tīng),把藝術(shù)類(lèi)話題的講座都找出來(lái),短時(shí)間內(nèi)練習(xí)完,那么重要的、常見(jiàn)的單詞肯定會(huì)在數(shù)篇文章中不止一次的聽(tīng)見(jiàn),從而加深印象。當(dāng)然,為了應(yīng)對(duì)藝術(shù)類(lèi)文章中的一詞多義或者熟詞僻義,那就需要在對(duì)文章理解的過(guò)程中不得過(guò)且過(guò),抓住每一個(gè)理解不順的細(xì)節(jié),因?yàn)槿绻袃?nèi)容理解不順,肯定說(shuō)明它不是你想的那個(gè)意思。對(duì)于眼熟,但是意思說(shuō)不太通的單詞,一定要有耐心去翻字典查一查。
而如果是文章內(nèi)容抽象,或者文章學(xué)科交叉現(xiàn)象多的,不僅需要多聽(tīng)藝術(shù)類(lèi)的文章,而且還要多聽(tīng)其他話題的文章,比如心理學(xué)類(lèi)型的文章通常都比較抽象,可以多聽(tīng)多體會(huì),而藝術(shù)類(lèi)場(chǎng)景比較容易涉及到另外幾個(gè)場(chǎng)景,比如,考古、物理、心理,也要利用“學(xué)科聽(tīng)力法”多多練習(xí)。
托福聽(tīng)力備考之同音詞匯總
eight - number between 7 and 9, 8
ate - past tense of eat, 吃的過(guò)去式
bear - a big, hairy animal
bear - to be able to withstand something
bare - exposed
bred - past tense of breed 繁殖的過(guò)去式
bread - a type of food 面包
be - is 主動(dòng)詞 be
bee - an insect 蜜蜂
caught - past tense of catch 抓的過(guò)去式
cot - a portable bed that folds for storage 輕便小床
fan - a device for moving air 風(fēng)扇
fan - short for fanatic 狂熱,愛(ài)好者
groan - noise made in misery 呻吟
grown - fully mature 長(zhǎng)大的
hart- 雄鹿
heart - energetic or enthusiastic 心臟
herd - a group of animals 牧群
heard - past tense of hear 聽(tīng)的過(guò)去式
I - me, myself 我
eye - body part we see with 眼睛
made - past tense of make 做的過(guò)去式
maid - a lady that cleans home or hotels for a living 女傭
no - opposite of yes 不
know - be aware of something 知道
roes - plural of roe = an argument 雌鹿的過(guò)去式
rows - plural of row = a row (line, queue) of vegetables planted in a farmer's field, a row of seats in a theatre 行,排
rows - present tense of row, as in rowing a boat (propelling a boat through the water with a paddle) 劃船的現(xiàn)在式
rose - a beautiful flower that grows on a thorny stem 玫瑰
wring - twist 絞,扭
ring - noise a bell makes 敲鐘,打電話
scent - smell 氣味
sent - past tense of send 郵寄的過(guò)去式
see - to view something
sea - large body of salt water
threw - past tense of throw
through - finished or completed, also, to give direction (Go through the tunnel)
tail - cats and dogs have them 尾巴
tale - a story 故事
there they're their
week - 7 days
weak - not strong
worn - well used 用舊的,疲倦的
warn - to give notice of potential danger 警告
wood - what we get from trees
would - past tense of will
wore - past tense of wear 穿的過(guò)去式
war - what we call it when two countries' armies are fighting
one - a single unit
won - past tense of win
you'll
Yule- 圣誕季節(jié)
托福聽(tīng)力地質(zhì)學(xué)中的“巖石”詞匯分類(lèi)
巖石(rock)一般分為三大類(lèi):
(一)火成巖(igneous rock)是指巖漿冷卻后(地殼里噴出的巖漿,或者被融化的現(xiàn)存巖石),成形的一種巖石。
常見(jiàn)的火成巖有:
花崗巖 granite: a very hard grey rock, often used in building
玄武巖 basalt: a type of black rock produced by volcanoes
黑曜石 obsidian: a type of rock that looks like black glass
浮石 pumice: very light grey rock from a volcano
granite basalt obsidian pumice
托福TPO真題鏈接:
Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. TPO-1
(二)沉積巖(sedimentary rock)是在地表不太深的地方,將其他巖石的風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物和一些火山噴發(fā)物,經(jīng)過(guò)水流或冰川的搬運(yùn)、沉積、成巖作用形成的巖石。
常見(jiàn)的沉積巖有:
煤 coal: a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
砂石 sandstone: a type of soft yellow or red rock
石灰石 limestone: a type of rock that contains calcium
頁(yè)巖 shale: a smooth soft rock which breaks easily into thin flat pieces
石膏 gypsum: a soft white substance
白云石 dolomite: a kind of sedimentary rock
coal sandstone limestone shale gypsum dolomite
托福TPO真題鏈接:
It was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. TPO-1
Another difference, very important today for distinguishing between older lake beds and newer ones, is the location of the limestone formations. TPO-9
(三)變質(zhì)巖(metamorphic rock)是指受到地球內(nèi)部力量(溫度、壓力、應(yīng)力的變化、化學(xué)成分等)改造而成的新型巖石。固態(tài)的巖石在地球內(nèi)部的壓力和溫度作用下,發(fā)生物質(zhì)成分的遷移和重結(jié)晶,形成新的礦物組合。
常見(jiàn)的變質(zhì)巖有:
大理石 marble: a type of hard rock that becomes smooth when it is polished
石英石 quartzite: hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially of interlocking quartz crystals
板巖 slate: a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces
片麻巖 gneiss: a laminated rock similar to granite
marble quartzite slate gneiss
托福TPO真題鏈接:
Then they shipped these plastic casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. TPO-18
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